проблемы с американской ВиВТ. 1991 "Буря в пустыне"
переводчик:
Чтобы закончить с войной 1991 года, вот еще немного из послевоенного отчета (перевод фрагментов, хотя и сильно сокращен, но делается максимально близко к исходному документу, без литературной и технической обработки - для сохранения характера оригинала)
NSIAD-92-146 Operation Desert Storm: Apache Helicopter Was Considered Effective in Combat, but Reliability Problems Persist
The Apache's Targeting and Night Vision Systems Experienced Malfunctions and Degraded Performance
Проблемы с прицельной/ночного видения системой - отказы и ухудшение характеристик
The Apache successfully acquired targets and flew night missions during the war, as discussed in chapter 2. However, 66 of 98 pilots and 68 of 76 maintainers indicated that they had experienced problems with the targeting and night vision systems.
66 из 98 пилотов и 68 из 76 техников отметили наличие проблем с прицельной/ночного видения системой
Pilots and maintainers cited problems with targeting and night vision system components as the second most frequently occurring malfunction.
Эти проблемы были вторыми по частоте после отказов пушки.
These problems were generally attributed to limitations of the forward-looking infrared components for the targeting and night vision systems and environmental conditions such as blowing sand, oil well fire smoke, and the lack of distinctive desert terrain features. More specifically, problems included complete component failure, poor picture resolution and a shuttering or jumping picture (both related to the forward-looking infrared components), intermittent daylight television capability, and uncommanded movements of these components.
Проблемы конкретно - отказы компонентов ПНС, плохое разрешение и рывки и тряска изображения тепловизора, перерывы в работе дневного телевизионного канала и самопроизвольные перемещения ПНС.
The forward-looking infrared component's picture deterioration is a function of age, according to pilots. As one of the system's components ages, the picture becomes less clear.
Деградация качества изображения тепловизора связанная со старением ИК матрицы.
Forty-five of 95 pilots answering our questions indicated that they had had some difficulty flying the Apache during Operation Desert Storm. The main reasons cited were the poor quality of the night vision equipment's picture and poor environmental conditions.
54 из 95 пилотов отметили некоторые сложности для пилотирования из-за низкого качества картинки оборудования ночного видения и сложных метеоусловий.
The Apache's Hellfiie Missile System Experienced Some Problems
Проблемы с ПТУР
Apache pilots and commanders told us that the Hellfire missile had been effective in destroying targets. However, 81 of 167 Apache pilots and maintainers indicated they had experienced some reliability and accuracy problems with the missile system.2 Unit personnel could not always pinpoint reasons that some Hellfire missiles had missed targets. However, they cited as possible reasons
81 из 167 рапортовали о сложностях с надежностью и точностью ПТУР. Причины были ясны не всегда, предположительно
(1) environmental conditions such as blowing sand, smoke, and haze, which at times prevented the Apache's targeting laser from locking on to intended targets;
сложные условия - песчаные бури, дым и дымка - иногда не позволяли захватить цель лазером
(2) mechanical problems with the missile launcher; and
механические проблемы с пусковой установкой
(3) a weak targeting system laser power unit, which guides the missile.
малая мощность лазера подсветки системы наведения ракеты
2For a more detailed discussion of the Hellfire's performance during Operation Desert Storm, see Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm: Observations on the Performance of the Army's Hellfire Missile (GAO NSIAD-92466, Mar. 30,1992).
надо будет глянуть
Environmental conditions were frequently cited as explanations for the Hellfire missile's misses. Several conditions interfered with the targeting laser beam, which guides the missile, causing it to break its lock on the target and therefore miss shots. Some pilots experienced 'backscatter,' a condition that occurs when the targeting laser's energy is reflected off obscurants such as blowing sand.
That condition interrupted the laser beam on the way to the target, and in these cases, the missile's laser seeker locked on to the backscatter, causing the missile to miss the target.
Отмечалось отражение лазерной энергии от летящего песка и др. приводившие к ложным захватам этих отражений ГСН и промахам
Another condition that interfered with the targeting laser is known as 'smoke contrails,' according to pilots. Smoke sometimes came off the rear of a launched missile when the temperature reached dew point, interfering with the laser tracking beam and causing the missile to miss the target. pilots from a unit located at Illeshiem, Germany, told us that they would fire a Hellfire and then lase the target once the missile had left the rails in order to overcome the backscatter problem. This practice is known as 'lock-on-after-launch.' Apache pilots from the l/lst told us they had overcome the problem by waiting for the smoke to clear before locking on with the laser. Apache pilots from the 1/24th had used other aircraft to remotely lase targets because of smoke contrail conditions.
Когда температура воздуха была близка к точке росы конденсационный след ракеты мешал подсвету лазером. Приходилось либо включать подсвет уже после пуска, либо подсвечивать с другой машины.
Apache pilots told us that insects covering the laser seeker might also have adversely affected the accuracy of the Hellfire missile.
Насекомые покрывали лазерную ГСН.
For example, pilots from the 3rd Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment (3/227th), located in Hanau, Germany, told us that while on a mission in the Euphrates River Valley in Iraq, bugs had attached themselves to the seeker head of the Hellfire missile, thereby affecting the Hellfire seeker's ability to lock on to the laser beam, which was focused on the target. Approximately 20 Hellfire missiles were fired during the mission, and 6 missed intended targets due to this problem, according to Apache personnel.
По этой причине в одном из вылетов было 6 промахов на 20 пусков
Pilots and maintainers also cited mechanical problems that had adversely affected the Hellfire's performance. These problems included complete system failures, the improper positioning of missiles on the launch rails, and the failure of the missile to leave the launch rails when commanded.
Механические проблемы - полные отказы системы, неправильное размещение ракеты на пусковой, несходы ракеты с пусковой.
Pilots we questioned also indicated the performance of the laser power unit, which is part of the targeting system, had possibly contributed to the Hellfire's accuracy problems. One pilot from the 2nd Battalion, 1st Aviation Regiment, located at Ansbach, Germany, indicated that he had been able to acquire targets using the targeting system, but had had to move in closer to engage the enemy because the targeting laser seemed to be too weak or was not able to penetrate smoke, dust, or sand. Pilots also reported that during one mission the targeting laser had not locked on to targets at distances over 1,500 meters.
Часть проблем связана с лазером подсвета недостаточной мощности, неспособным проникать через дым, пыль и песок, что заставляло дополнительно сближаться с целью. В одном из вылетов захвата лазера не было уже на дальностях более 1500 м.
Pilots and battalion commanders commented that, in light of the problems they had experienced, they wanted more live firing of the weapon systems in training. Sixty-six of 99 pilots we questioned indicated that they had fired a Hellfire missile in training prior to participating in combat missions, while 33 had not. However, most of those who had previous Hellfire experience indicated they had fired only one or two missiles.
Желательна доп. тренировка в реальном применении оружия. Из 99 опрошенных пилотов 33 вообще не стреляли ПТУР на тренировках, а большинство остальных имели не более 1-2 пусков.
The Apache's Communication System Experienced Some Problems
Проблемы со связью.
The Apache experienced communication problems during Operation Desert Storm. Apache personnel from several units indicated that they had experienced problems communicating with each other on missions at close and distant ranges. Over 40 of 100 pilots who answered our questions indicated that they had experienced problems communicating with other aircraft. They indicated that the problems related to the limited range of the UHF and FM (secure) radios.
40 из 100 пилотов отметили проблемы со связью.
According to unit personnel, the poor quality of the equipment and the position of the antenna had contributed to the problems.
Причины - плохое качество оборудования и неудачное размещение антенны.
One XVIII Corps battalion commander believes that the Apache's greatest weakness during the war was its poor communication ability. The commander told us that the Apache's effective communication range had been less than 20 kilometers. The Apache's communications were therefore not reliable over the distances that the Apache was required to operate in.
Дальность связи была менее 20 км, что меньше типичной дальности действия вертолета.
Unit personnel from Ansbach, Germany, indicated that they had experienced radio communication problems when their aircraft were 5 to 7 kilometers in front of the forward troops.
Отмечались случаи проблем со связью уже на удалении от 5 до 7 км от своих войск.
Pilots from the 1/24th told us that while on deep attack missions ranging from 60 to 120 kilometers, they could not communicate back to their division; they were able to communicate only among themselves.
В дальних вылетах (60 -120 км) связи со своей частью не было.
Pilots minimized communication problems by using other aircraft to relay messages. For example, pilots from Ft. Campbell, Kentucky, prepositioned an OH-68 scout helicopter during the night and a Blackhawk helicopter during the day to act as relays to convey the Apache messages during missions.
Приходилось использовать вертолеты - ретрансляторы.
A pilot from the 1st Aviation (Attack) Battalion, 82d Aviation Brigade (1-82d), Ft. Bragg, North Carolina, related a specific incident that had taken place during a deep attack combat mission. The pilot said that while on the mission, he had had to leave the engagement area because his Apache had a component malfunction. Before he left the area he had tried to call his wing man 13 times but could not reach him, so he left the mission without making contact. According to this pilot, the other Apache pilots on the mission had thought for a time that he had been shot down.
Отмечен случай когда пилот, покидавший зону боевых действий из-за отказа оборудования, 13 раз безуспешно пытался сообщить об этом ведомому и так и не смог этого сделать. Тот решил, что ведущего сбили.
Spare Part Shortages
Нехватка запчастей
The Apaches experienced parts shortages during the war that caused some Occurred aircraft to be grounded, according to supply and maintenance personnel who responded to our questions. Seventy-one of the 94 maintainers and supply personnel indicated that they had experienced Apache spare parts shortages. Maintainers cited the lack of spare parts as the most frequent reason some aircraft were not available to carry out their missions. Next cited were bad weather and scheduled maintenance. The following spare parts were most frequently cited as difficult to obtain. The lack of these parts sometimes caused aircraft to be grounded:
Нехватка этих запчастей приводила к неготовности к вылету
1. Environmental control units (the unit itself, shut-off valves, and the cooling turbine)
кондиционера и его деталей
2. Auxiliary power units
вспомогательной силовой установки
3. Rotor blades
лопастей НВ
4. Targeting and night vision components
компоненты прицельно-навигационной системы
5. Common hardware
6. Black boxes (electronic components)
блоки электроники
7. Navigation equipment
навигационное оборудование
8. Main rotor heads
головка ротора НВ
9. Tail rotor swashplates
детали хвостового винта
10. Engine fuel filters
топливные фильтры
The impact of these shortages was minimized for the most part by taking parts from other Apache aircraft and by borrowing parts from other Apache units, according to Apache maintainers.
Эти нехватки частично компенсировались съемом оборудования с других машин.
Tools Were Lacking in Both Quality and Quantity
Нехватка инструмента и его плохое качество
Another complaint voiced by maintainers and supply personnel related to the poor quality and insufficient quantity of tools on hand to maintain Apaches. Maintainers at the 1/82d told us that when ordering tools through the Army supply system, it often took several months to receive replacements. The supply person for the 5th Squadron, 6th Cavalry (5/6th), from Wiesbaden, Germany, said that the supply system had never replaced broken tools. Maintainers told us that to minimize this problem, they had brought personal tools from home or had purchased new tools with their own money from commercial sources to take to Saudi Arabia.
Жалобы на плохое качество инструментов и их недостаточное количество. Пользовались личными или покупали на свои
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Может возникнуть вопрос - а как же с такой надежностью Апачи добивались каких-то успехов? Все ж таки летали-стреляли-попадали.
Ответ очень прост. И печален для ценителей излишнего хай-тека в военном деле. Вернемся к отчету ГАО
Using unit data we determined that the Apaches had made 662 flights during the 83 missions.
за всю войну (имевшую длинную воздушную и 4 суточную наземную фазы) Апачи выполнили 83 задания сделав 662 вылета.
Сколько же вылетов пришлось на 1 машину?
Так вот было там 274 Апачи.
The Army had 274 Apache aircraft on hand during the war.
Т.е. на одну машину пришлось в среднем 662 / 274 = 2.4 вылета за всю войну.
Но даже при такой напряженности боевой работы исправных машин не хватало и летали на машинах с отказами.
Pilots Flew Apaches With Malfunctioning Equipment
While Apache units had sufficient numbers of aircraft available for each mission, many aircraft flown on missions were less than fully mission capable. According to 64 of 93 pilots we questioned, they had flown missions during which they had not been able to fully use the capabilities of the Apache because systems were inoperable. The failure of components such as weapon systems or the optics normally degrades the aircraft's status to partially mission capable in peacetime. However, Apache personnel told us that when such components failed in Saudi Arabia, they were at times judged to be non-mission essential, and consequently these aircraft were flown.
64 из 93 пилотов приходилось вылетать на неполностью исправных машинах в.ч. с отказами оптики и систем оружия.
И эта напряженность ( напомню - 2.4 вылета на машину за всю войну) была трудна.
Of the 70 pilots responding to questions, 43 estimated that their units could have continued the pace for a few days to 2 weeks. A few pilots believed that they had outrun their logistical support and could not have gone further.
Из 70 пилотов 43 считали что их подразделения могли бы продолжать в таком духе еще от нескольких дней до 2 недель. Некоторые впрочем считали что техподдержка и снабжение уже были безнадежны и пора было заканчивать.
Ну да все равно топливо на 4 день уже кончилось, так или иначе пора было перекуривать.
A brigade commander also told us that fuel had been running very short by the fourth day of the ground war and that if the war had not ended when it had, the Army would have had to stop moving forward in order to allow the logistical support from Saudi Arabia to catch up with all the units.
Ну что ж, осталось только пожалуй напомнить о выводах отчета - Apache Helicopter Was Considered Effective in Combat, а то все наверное уже не то подумали. Да, хотелось бы почитать о чем нибудь что Was Considered NOT Effective in Combat.
взято со старого форума на авиа.ру (сейчас его вроде как уже нет)
